Перевод: с латинского на английский

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the first beginning

  • 1 primordius

    prīmordĭus, a, um, adj. [primus-ordior], original (post-Aug.):

    primordii seminis mistu,

    Col. 6, 37, 7 dub. (al. primordiis seminum).—Hence, as subst.: prīmor-dĭum, n., and more usually plur.: prī-mordĭa ( gen. not in use; principiorum takes its place, Munro ad Lucr. 3, 262; separated and transposed, ordĭa prīma, Lucr. 4, 28), n.
    I.
    The first beginnings, origin, commencement (class.; syn.: principium, initium): primordia rerum, Cic. Part. [p. 1444] 2, 7:

    a Jove Musarum primordia, id. poët. Leg. 2, 3, 7: mundi,

    Ov. M. 15, 67:

    gentis,

    Luc. 10, 177:

    veterum vocum,

    Pers. 6, 3:

    inquieta a primordiis vita,

    Sen. Brev. Vit. 6, 1:

    artis,

    Lact. 12, 10, 3:

    eloquentiae,

    Tac. Or. 12; Gell. 12, 1, 9; 17; Lact. 3, 29, 16; Just. 31, 5, 7:

    dicendi,

    Quint. 1, 9, 1:

    terrena,

    Col. 3, 10, 10:

    mundi,

    Sulp. Sev. Chron. 1, 4, 1:

    in primordiis,

    Pall. 4, 12.—In sing.: a primordio urbis, Liv. init.; Col. 1, 1:

    in operum suorum primordio stare,

    in the first beginning, Curt. 9, 2, 11; Just. 2, 1:

    tam tenues primordio imperi fuere fines,

    Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56.—
    II.
    Absol., the beginning of a new reign, Tac. A. 1, 7.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > primordius

  • 2 tirocinium

    tīrōcĭnĭum, ii, n. [tiro].
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In milit. lang., the first military service or first campaign of a young soldier, military rawness or inexperience, = rudimentum (perh. not ante-Aug.):

    juvenis,

    Liv. 39, 47, 3:

    propter exercitūs paucitatem et tirocinium, Auct. B. Afr. 31, 6: aetatis infirmitas aut militiae tirocinium,

    Val. Max. 5, 4, 2:

    tirocinii rudimenta deponere,

    Just. 9, 1, 8. —In plur.:

    si non solum tirocinia, verum et incunabula in ipsis castris posuissent,

    Just. 12, 4, 6; Flor. 2, 3.—
    B.
    Concr., the young troops, raw forces, recruits:

    contemptum tirocinium,

    Liv. 40, 35, 12.—
    II.
    Transf., in gen., the first beginning of any thing, the first trial, attempt, or essay:

    si in L. Paulo accusando tirocinium ponere et documentum eloquentiae dare voluit,

    Liv. 45, 37, 3 Weissenb. ad loc.; cf.:

    nec differendum est tirocinium in senectutem,

    Quint. 12, 6, 3; and:

    tirocinii metum transire,

    id. 12, 6, 7: filios suo quemque tirocinio deducere in forum, i. e. after putting on the toga virilis, Suet. Aug. 26:

    dies tirocinii,

    id. Tib. 54:

    togam sumpsit barbamque posuit, sine ullo honore, qualis contigerat tirocinio fratrum ejus,

    id. Calig. 10.—Of inanim. things:

    navium,

    i. e. their first voyage, Plin. 24, 7, 26, § 41.—
    B.
    Inexperience:

    senatus cum simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur,

    Liv. 39, 47, 3:

    nec tirocinio peccet,

    Manil. 1, 189.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tirocinium

  • 3 prima

    prīmus, a, um, adj. sup. [obsol. prep. pri (prei); whence also prior, priscus; cf.: privus, privo, etc., and v. pro], the first, first (properly only when three or more are referred to. The first, as opp. to the second, is prior;

    but primus is rarely used for prior,

    Cic. Sest. 19, 44 al.).
    I.
    In gen.:

    qui primus vulnus dicitur obligavisse,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57:

    primus sentio mala nostra: primus rescisco omnia: Primus porro obnuntio,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 7:

    verum primum: verum igitur et extremum,

    Cic. Off. 3, 6, 27:

    primae litterae,

    id. Att. 9, 6, 5:

    primus inter homines nobilissimos,

    id. Sest. 3, 6:

    primi ex omnibus philosophis,

    id. Fin. 4, 7, 17:

    primus Graeciae in Thraciam introiit,

    Nep. Alcib. 7, 4:

    primus de mille fuisses,

    Ov. H. 17, 105:

    in primis,

    among the first, in the foremost ranks, Nep. Paus. 5, 3:

    in primis stetit,

    id. Epam. 10, 3:

    in primis pugnantes,

    Sall. C. 60, 6: leonem primus, aut in primis ferire, id. J. 6, 1: utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis institerat (= ut primum, etc., poet.), Verg. A. 11, 573:

    primus post eos quos poëtae tradiderunt movisse aliqua circa rhetoricen Empedocles dicitur (= secundus or proximus ab iis),

    Quint. 3, 1, 8.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    In time or place, first, fore, foremost, the first part; sometimes to be translated, the end, extremity, etc.:

    in primā provinciā,

    at the entrance of the province, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 2:

    digitus,

    the tip of the finger, Cat. 2, 3:

    dentes,

    the front teeth, Plin. 19, 2, 11, § 35:

    ranis prima lingua cohaeret,

    the end of the tongue, id. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

    primā statim nocte,

    at the beginning of the night, Col. 10, 190:

    sol,

    i. e. the rising sun, Verg. A. 6, 255:

    luna,

    i. e. the new moon, Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first:

    primo quoque tempore,

    at the very first opportunity, Cic. Fam. 13, 57, 1:

    primo quoque die,

    id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

    me tibi primum quidque concedente,

    id. Ac. 2, 16, 49:

    fluit voluptas et prima quaeque avolat,

    id. Fin. 2, 32, 106.— Subst.: prīma, ōrum, n., the first part, the beginning:

    quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent,

    Liv. 8, 3.—Of the first principles or elements of things, Lucr. 4, 186:

    prima consiliorum (for prima consilia),

    Tac. H. 2, 11: a primo, from the beginning, at first:

    multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139; Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 14; 4, 3, 37:

    in illā pro Ctesiphonte oratione submissius a primo: deinde pressius,

    Cic. Or. 8, 26:

    suam vim retinere a primo ad extremum,

    id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

    hoc a primo cogitavit,

    id. Att. 8, 11, 2; id. Phil. 2, 30, 75 Halm ad loc.:

    id a primo rectissime dicitur,

    id. Fin. 3, 9, 32 Madv. ad loc.: in primo, in front, before, in the beginning, first:

    equites in primo late ire jubet,

    in the van, Sall. J. 68, 4:

    qui numerus in primo viget, jacet in extremo,

    Cic. Or. 64, 215. —
    B.
    First in rank or station, chief, principal, most excellent, eminent, distinguished, noble (cf.:

    princeps, primores): evocat ad se Massiliensium quindecim primos,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    sui municipii facile primus,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

    homo,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 17, § 37:

    primis urbis placuisse,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 23:

    juvenum primi,

    Verg. A. 9, 785:

    est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt Nec sunt,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

    quia sum apud te primus,

    I am the first in your favor, id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

    primus humani generis,

    Sil. 17, 255:

    urbem Italiae primam,

    Petr. 116:

    praedium,

    Cato, R. R. 1:

    suavia prima habere,

    to give the first place to, think the most of, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9:

    otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant,

    Sall. C. 36, 4:

    cura,

    a chief part, Plin. 5, 25, 21, § 88.—Also, most conspicuous, chief, in a bad sense:

    peccatores, quorum primus ego sum,

    Vulg. 1 Tim. 1, 15:

    primas partes, or primas agere,

    to play the first part, to occupy the first rank, Ter. Phorm. prol. 27:

    primas in causis agebat Hortensius,

    Cic. Brut. 90, 308; 47: primas dare, to give the first place, ascribe the greatest importance to a thing:

    actioni primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur, quid in dicendo esset primum: huic secundas, huic tertias,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213: primas deferre, to transfer the first or principal part:

    amoris erga me tibi primas defero,

    i. e. I assign to you the first rank among those who love me, id. Att. 1, 17, 5: primas concedere, to yield the first place:

    si Allienus tibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 49:

    primas tenere,

    to play the first part, be the best, id. Brut. 95, 327: cum primis, and in primis (also written in one word, impri-mis), with or among the first, chiefly, especially, principally, particularly:

    homo domi suae cum primis locuples,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

    in primis lautus eques,

    Nep. Att. 13, 1:

    oppidum in primis Siciliae clarum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 86:

    homo in primis improbissimus,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 27, §

    68: vir magnus in primis,

    id. N. D. 1, 43, 120:

    in primis hoc a se animadversum esse dicebat,

    id. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

    in primis nobis sermo de te fuit,

    id. Att. 5, 1, 3:

    in primis... dein,

    first, in the first place, Sall. J. 26, 3. —Hence, adv., primo and primum; also, ante- and post-class. and very rare, prime and primiter (the form primo is usually limited to that which is strictly first in time; primum in enumerations of contemporary facts, things, or arguments, where the order is at the speaker's choice; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 920 sq.).
    A. 1.
    In gen.:

    aedes primo ruere rebamur,

    Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 42:

    neque credebam primo mihimet Sosiae,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 50; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26:

    primo non accredidit,

    Nep. Dat. 3, 4:

    Themistocles solus primo profectus est,

    id. Them. 6, 5:

    contemptus est primo a tyrannis,

    id. Thras. 2, 2; id. Ham. 2, 2.—
    2.
    With dein, deinde, inde, post, postea, mox, denique, nunc:

    primo Stoicorum more agamus, deinde nostro instituto vagabimur,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

    primo pecuniae, dein imperii cupido crevit,

    Sall. C. 10, 3:

    primo... deinde... tum... tum,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

    primo... deinde,

    Liv. 1, 27; Curt. 3, 12, 6; 4, 16, 21; 9, 10, 11:

    primo abstinentiā utendum: deinde danda, etc.,

    Cels. 5, 26, 34:

    primo... inde,... hinc,

    Liv. 30, 11, 6:

    haec primo paulatim crescere: post, etc.,

    Sall. C. 10, 6:

    dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 15:

    primo... postea... postremo, etc.,

    Liv. 26, 39:

    primo... mox,

    id. 1, 50:

    primo... mox deinde,

    Just. 1, 3:

    primo negitare, denique saepius fatigatus, etc.,

    Sall. J. 111, 2:

    neque illi credebam primo, nunc vero palam est,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 91.—
    3.
    (Mostly post-Aug. for primum.) With iterum, rursus, secundo:

    primo... iterum,

    Liv. 2, 51:

    primo... rursus,

    Suet. Aug. 17:

    primo... secundo,

    Phaedr. 4, 10, 16.—
    B. 1.
    In enumerations, with a foll. deinde, tum:

    Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium e conspectu remotis equis,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

    primum... deinde... deinde,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 143:

    primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 3:

    primum... deinde... praeterea... postremo,

    id. Div. 2, 56, 116:

    primum... tum... deinde... post... tum... deinde....,

    id. Fin. 5, 23, 65; id. Font. 14, 31; cf.:

    primum... secundo loco... deinde... tum,

    id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Inv. 2, 27, 79; Curt. 3, 6, 16; 8, 10, 9; Liv. 1, 28; Nep. Them. 2, 3; id. Epam. 1, 3:

    primum... subinde,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 15:

    primum... mox,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 93.—
    2.
    Without other adverbs.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    quaerenda pecunia primum est,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 53:

    te Quicumque primum Produxit,

    id. C. 2, 13, 2; id. S. 2, 3, 41.—
    (β).
    Strengthened with omnium, first of all, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 13:

    primum omnium ego ipse vigilo,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 19.—
    3.
    With ut, ubi, simulac, cum.
    (α).
    Ut primum, ubi primum, simul ac primum, cum primum, as soon as ever, as soon as:

    ut primum potestas data est augendae dignitatis tuae, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 10, 13, 1:

    ubi primum potuit, istum reliquit,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 48:

    simul ac primum niti possunt, etc.,

    id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

    tum affuerat, cum primum dati sunt judices,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 57.—
    (β).
    Nunc primum, now first, now for the first time (cf.: nunc demum, now at last):

    post illa nunc primum audio, Quid illo sit factum,

    Ter. And. 5, 4, 33.—
    (γ).
    With dum (also by Plaut. joined in one word, pri-mumdum), in the first place, first (anteclass.):

    primum dum, si falso insimulas, etc. Iterum si id verum est, etc.,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 26:

    omnium primumdum haed aedes jam face occlusae sicut,

    id. Most. 2, 1, 53; 1, 2, 39; id. Capt. 1, 2, 57:

    primum dum omnium male dictitatur tibi vulgo in sermonibus,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 61.—
    (δ).
    With adv. or other expression of time, for the first time:

    hodie primum ire in ganeum,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 37:

    quo die primum convocati su mus,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 30.—
    * C.
    prīmē, es pecially: fabula prime proba, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 188 P.; cf. Prisc. p. 603 P.—
    D.
    prīmĭter, at first, first of all (ante- and post-class.): eripis primiter dapes, Pompon. ap. Non. 154, 26; Inscr. (of the beginning of the third century of Christ) Lab. Epigr. Lat. Scop. in Egitto.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > prima

  • 4 primumdum

    prīmus, a, um, adj. sup. [obsol. prep. pri (prei); whence also prior, priscus; cf.: privus, privo, etc., and v. pro], the first, first (properly only when three or more are referred to. The first, as opp. to the second, is prior;

    but primus is rarely used for prior,

    Cic. Sest. 19, 44 al.).
    I.
    In gen.:

    qui primus vulnus dicitur obligavisse,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57:

    primus sentio mala nostra: primus rescisco omnia: Primus porro obnuntio,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 7:

    verum primum: verum igitur et extremum,

    Cic. Off. 3, 6, 27:

    primae litterae,

    id. Att. 9, 6, 5:

    primus inter homines nobilissimos,

    id. Sest. 3, 6:

    primi ex omnibus philosophis,

    id. Fin. 4, 7, 17:

    primus Graeciae in Thraciam introiit,

    Nep. Alcib. 7, 4:

    primus de mille fuisses,

    Ov. H. 17, 105:

    in primis,

    among the first, in the foremost ranks, Nep. Paus. 5, 3:

    in primis stetit,

    id. Epam. 10, 3:

    in primis pugnantes,

    Sall. C. 60, 6: leonem primus, aut in primis ferire, id. J. 6, 1: utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis institerat (= ut primum, etc., poet.), Verg. A. 11, 573:

    primus post eos quos poëtae tradiderunt movisse aliqua circa rhetoricen Empedocles dicitur (= secundus or proximus ab iis),

    Quint. 3, 1, 8.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    In time or place, first, fore, foremost, the first part; sometimes to be translated, the end, extremity, etc.:

    in primā provinciā,

    at the entrance of the province, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 2:

    digitus,

    the tip of the finger, Cat. 2, 3:

    dentes,

    the front teeth, Plin. 19, 2, 11, § 35:

    ranis prima lingua cohaeret,

    the end of the tongue, id. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

    primā statim nocte,

    at the beginning of the night, Col. 10, 190:

    sol,

    i. e. the rising sun, Verg. A. 6, 255:

    luna,

    i. e. the new moon, Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first:

    primo quoque tempore,

    at the very first opportunity, Cic. Fam. 13, 57, 1:

    primo quoque die,

    id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

    me tibi primum quidque concedente,

    id. Ac. 2, 16, 49:

    fluit voluptas et prima quaeque avolat,

    id. Fin. 2, 32, 106.— Subst.: prīma, ōrum, n., the first part, the beginning:

    quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent,

    Liv. 8, 3.—Of the first principles or elements of things, Lucr. 4, 186:

    prima consiliorum (for prima consilia),

    Tac. H. 2, 11: a primo, from the beginning, at first:

    multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139; Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 14; 4, 3, 37:

    in illā pro Ctesiphonte oratione submissius a primo: deinde pressius,

    Cic. Or. 8, 26:

    suam vim retinere a primo ad extremum,

    id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

    hoc a primo cogitavit,

    id. Att. 8, 11, 2; id. Phil. 2, 30, 75 Halm ad loc.:

    id a primo rectissime dicitur,

    id. Fin. 3, 9, 32 Madv. ad loc.: in primo, in front, before, in the beginning, first:

    equites in primo late ire jubet,

    in the van, Sall. J. 68, 4:

    qui numerus in primo viget, jacet in extremo,

    Cic. Or. 64, 215. —
    B.
    First in rank or station, chief, principal, most excellent, eminent, distinguished, noble (cf.:

    princeps, primores): evocat ad se Massiliensium quindecim primos,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    sui municipii facile primus,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

    homo,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 17, § 37:

    primis urbis placuisse,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 23:

    juvenum primi,

    Verg. A. 9, 785:

    est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt Nec sunt,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

    quia sum apud te primus,

    I am the first in your favor, id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

    primus humani generis,

    Sil. 17, 255:

    urbem Italiae primam,

    Petr. 116:

    praedium,

    Cato, R. R. 1:

    suavia prima habere,

    to give the first place to, think the most of, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9:

    otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant,

    Sall. C. 36, 4:

    cura,

    a chief part, Plin. 5, 25, 21, § 88.—Also, most conspicuous, chief, in a bad sense:

    peccatores, quorum primus ego sum,

    Vulg. 1 Tim. 1, 15:

    primas partes, or primas agere,

    to play the first part, to occupy the first rank, Ter. Phorm. prol. 27:

    primas in causis agebat Hortensius,

    Cic. Brut. 90, 308; 47: primas dare, to give the first place, ascribe the greatest importance to a thing:

    actioni primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur, quid in dicendo esset primum: huic secundas, huic tertias,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213: primas deferre, to transfer the first or principal part:

    amoris erga me tibi primas defero,

    i. e. I assign to you the first rank among those who love me, id. Att. 1, 17, 5: primas concedere, to yield the first place:

    si Allienus tibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 49:

    primas tenere,

    to play the first part, be the best, id. Brut. 95, 327: cum primis, and in primis (also written in one word, impri-mis), with or among the first, chiefly, especially, principally, particularly:

    homo domi suae cum primis locuples,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

    in primis lautus eques,

    Nep. Att. 13, 1:

    oppidum in primis Siciliae clarum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 86:

    homo in primis improbissimus,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 27, §

    68: vir magnus in primis,

    id. N. D. 1, 43, 120:

    in primis hoc a se animadversum esse dicebat,

    id. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

    in primis nobis sermo de te fuit,

    id. Att. 5, 1, 3:

    in primis... dein,

    first, in the first place, Sall. J. 26, 3. —Hence, adv., primo and primum; also, ante- and post-class. and very rare, prime and primiter (the form primo is usually limited to that which is strictly first in time; primum in enumerations of contemporary facts, things, or arguments, where the order is at the speaker's choice; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 920 sq.).
    A. 1.
    In gen.:

    aedes primo ruere rebamur,

    Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 42:

    neque credebam primo mihimet Sosiae,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 50; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26:

    primo non accredidit,

    Nep. Dat. 3, 4:

    Themistocles solus primo profectus est,

    id. Them. 6, 5:

    contemptus est primo a tyrannis,

    id. Thras. 2, 2; id. Ham. 2, 2.—
    2.
    With dein, deinde, inde, post, postea, mox, denique, nunc:

    primo Stoicorum more agamus, deinde nostro instituto vagabimur,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

    primo pecuniae, dein imperii cupido crevit,

    Sall. C. 10, 3:

    primo... deinde... tum... tum,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

    primo... deinde,

    Liv. 1, 27; Curt. 3, 12, 6; 4, 16, 21; 9, 10, 11:

    primo abstinentiā utendum: deinde danda, etc.,

    Cels. 5, 26, 34:

    primo... inde,... hinc,

    Liv. 30, 11, 6:

    haec primo paulatim crescere: post, etc.,

    Sall. C. 10, 6:

    dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 15:

    primo... postea... postremo, etc.,

    Liv. 26, 39:

    primo... mox,

    id. 1, 50:

    primo... mox deinde,

    Just. 1, 3:

    primo negitare, denique saepius fatigatus, etc.,

    Sall. J. 111, 2:

    neque illi credebam primo, nunc vero palam est,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 91.—
    3.
    (Mostly post-Aug. for primum.) With iterum, rursus, secundo:

    primo... iterum,

    Liv. 2, 51:

    primo... rursus,

    Suet. Aug. 17:

    primo... secundo,

    Phaedr. 4, 10, 16.—
    B. 1.
    In enumerations, with a foll. deinde, tum:

    Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium e conspectu remotis equis,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

    primum... deinde... deinde,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 143:

    primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 3:

    primum... deinde... praeterea... postremo,

    id. Div. 2, 56, 116:

    primum... tum... deinde... post... tum... deinde....,

    id. Fin. 5, 23, 65; id. Font. 14, 31; cf.:

    primum... secundo loco... deinde... tum,

    id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Inv. 2, 27, 79; Curt. 3, 6, 16; 8, 10, 9; Liv. 1, 28; Nep. Them. 2, 3; id. Epam. 1, 3:

    primum... subinde,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 15:

    primum... mox,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 93.—
    2.
    Without other adverbs.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    quaerenda pecunia primum est,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 53:

    te Quicumque primum Produxit,

    id. C. 2, 13, 2; id. S. 2, 3, 41.—
    (β).
    Strengthened with omnium, first of all, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 13:

    primum omnium ego ipse vigilo,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 19.—
    3.
    With ut, ubi, simulac, cum.
    (α).
    Ut primum, ubi primum, simul ac primum, cum primum, as soon as ever, as soon as:

    ut primum potestas data est augendae dignitatis tuae, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 10, 13, 1:

    ubi primum potuit, istum reliquit,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 48:

    simul ac primum niti possunt, etc.,

    id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

    tum affuerat, cum primum dati sunt judices,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 57.—
    (β).
    Nunc primum, now first, now for the first time (cf.: nunc demum, now at last):

    post illa nunc primum audio, Quid illo sit factum,

    Ter. And. 5, 4, 33.—
    (γ).
    With dum (also by Plaut. joined in one word, pri-mumdum), in the first place, first (anteclass.):

    primum dum, si falso insimulas, etc. Iterum si id verum est, etc.,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 26:

    omnium primumdum haed aedes jam face occlusae sicut,

    id. Most. 2, 1, 53; 1, 2, 39; id. Capt. 1, 2, 57:

    primum dum omnium male dictitatur tibi vulgo in sermonibus,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 61.—
    (δ).
    With adv. or other expression of time, for the first time:

    hodie primum ire in ganeum,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 37:

    quo die primum convocati su mus,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 30.—
    * C.
    prīmē, es pecially: fabula prime proba, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 188 P.; cf. Prisc. p. 603 P.—
    D.
    prīmĭter, at first, first of all (ante- and post-class.): eripis primiter dapes, Pompon. ap. Non. 154, 26; Inscr. (of the beginning of the third century of Christ) Lab. Epigr. Lat. Scop. in Egitto.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > primumdum

  • 5 primus

    prīmus, a, um, adj. sup. [obsol. prep. pri (prei); whence also prior, priscus; cf.: privus, privo, etc., and v. pro], the first, first (properly only when three or more are referred to. The first, as opp. to the second, is prior;

    but primus is rarely used for prior,

    Cic. Sest. 19, 44 al.).
    I.
    In gen.:

    qui primus vulnus dicitur obligavisse,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57:

    primus sentio mala nostra: primus rescisco omnia: Primus porro obnuntio,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 7:

    verum primum: verum igitur et extremum,

    Cic. Off. 3, 6, 27:

    primae litterae,

    id. Att. 9, 6, 5:

    primus inter homines nobilissimos,

    id. Sest. 3, 6:

    primi ex omnibus philosophis,

    id. Fin. 4, 7, 17:

    primus Graeciae in Thraciam introiit,

    Nep. Alcib. 7, 4:

    primus de mille fuisses,

    Ov. H. 17, 105:

    in primis,

    among the first, in the foremost ranks, Nep. Paus. 5, 3:

    in primis stetit,

    id. Epam. 10, 3:

    in primis pugnantes,

    Sall. C. 60, 6: leonem primus, aut in primis ferire, id. J. 6, 1: utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis institerat (= ut primum, etc., poet.), Verg. A. 11, 573:

    primus post eos quos poëtae tradiderunt movisse aliqua circa rhetoricen Empedocles dicitur (= secundus or proximus ab iis),

    Quint. 3, 1, 8.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    In time or place, first, fore, foremost, the first part; sometimes to be translated, the end, extremity, etc.:

    in primā provinciā,

    at the entrance of the province, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 2:

    digitus,

    the tip of the finger, Cat. 2, 3:

    dentes,

    the front teeth, Plin. 19, 2, 11, § 35:

    ranis prima lingua cohaeret,

    the end of the tongue, id. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

    primā statim nocte,

    at the beginning of the night, Col. 10, 190:

    sol,

    i. e. the rising sun, Verg. A. 6, 255:

    luna,

    i. e. the new moon, Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first:

    primo quoque tempore,

    at the very first opportunity, Cic. Fam. 13, 57, 1:

    primo quoque die,

    id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

    me tibi primum quidque concedente,

    id. Ac. 2, 16, 49:

    fluit voluptas et prima quaeque avolat,

    id. Fin. 2, 32, 106.— Subst.: prīma, ōrum, n., the first part, the beginning:

    quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent,

    Liv. 8, 3.—Of the first principles or elements of things, Lucr. 4, 186:

    prima consiliorum (for prima consilia),

    Tac. H. 2, 11: a primo, from the beginning, at first:

    multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139; Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 14; 4, 3, 37:

    in illā pro Ctesiphonte oratione submissius a primo: deinde pressius,

    Cic. Or. 8, 26:

    suam vim retinere a primo ad extremum,

    id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

    hoc a primo cogitavit,

    id. Att. 8, 11, 2; id. Phil. 2, 30, 75 Halm ad loc.:

    id a primo rectissime dicitur,

    id. Fin. 3, 9, 32 Madv. ad loc.: in primo, in front, before, in the beginning, first:

    equites in primo late ire jubet,

    in the van, Sall. J. 68, 4:

    qui numerus in primo viget, jacet in extremo,

    Cic. Or. 64, 215. —
    B.
    First in rank or station, chief, principal, most excellent, eminent, distinguished, noble (cf.:

    princeps, primores): evocat ad se Massiliensium quindecim primos,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    sui municipii facile primus,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

    homo,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 17, § 37:

    primis urbis placuisse,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 23:

    juvenum primi,

    Verg. A. 9, 785:

    est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt Nec sunt,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

    quia sum apud te primus,

    I am the first in your favor, id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

    primus humani generis,

    Sil. 17, 255:

    urbem Italiae primam,

    Petr. 116:

    praedium,

    Cato, R. R. 1:

    suavia prima habere,

    to give the first place to, think the most of, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9:

    otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant,

    Sall. C. 36, 4:

    cura,

    a chief part, Plin. 5, 25, 21, § 88.—Also, most conspicuous, chief, in a bad sense:

    peccatores, quorum primus ego sum,

    Vulg. 1 Tim. 1, 15:

    primas partes, or primas agere,

    to play the first part, to occupy the first rank, Ter. Phorm. prol. 27:

    primas in causis agebat Hortensius,

    Cic. Brut. 90, 308; 47: primas dare, to give the first place, ascribe the greatest importance to a thing:

    actioni primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur, quid in dicendo esset primum: huic secundas, huic tertias,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213: primas deferre, to transfer the first or principal part:

    amoris erga me tibi primas defero,

    i. e. I assign to you the first rank among those who love me, id. Att. 1, 17, 5: primas concedere, to yield the first place:

    si Allienus tibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 49:

    primas tenere,

    to play the first part, be the best, id. Brut. 95, 327: cum primis, and in primis (also written in one word, impri-mis), with or among the first, chiefly, especially, principally, particularly:

    homo domi suae cum primis locuples,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:

    in primis lautus eques,

    Nep. Att. 13, 1:

    oppidum in primis Siciliae clarum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 86:

    homo in primis improbissimus,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 27, §

    68: vir magnus in primis,

    id. N. D. 1, 43, 120:

    in primis hoc a se animadversum esse dicebat,

    id. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

    in primis nobis sermo de te fuit,

    id. Att. 5, 1, 3:

    in primis... dein,

    first, in the first place, Sall. J. 26, 3. —Hence, adv., primo and primum; also, ante- and post-class. and very rare, prime and primiter (the form primo is usually limited to that which is strictly first in time; primum in enumerations of contemporary facts, things, or arguments, where the order is at the speaker's choice; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 920 sq.).
    A. 1.
    In gen.:

    aedes primo ruere rebamur,

    Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 42:

    neque credebam primo mihimet Sosiae,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 50; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26:

    primo non accredidit,

    Nep. Dat. 3, 4:

    Themistocles solus primo profectus est,

    id. Them. 6, 5:

    contemptus est primo a tyrannis,

    id. Thras. 2, 2; id. Ham. 2, 2.—
    2.
    With dein, deinde, inde, post, postea, mox, denique, nunc:

    primo Stoicorum more agamus, deinde nostro instituto vagabimur,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

    primo pecuniae, dein imperii cupido crevit,

    Sall. C. 10, 3:

    primo... deinde... tum... tum,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

    primo... deinde,

    Liv. 1, 27; Curt. 3, 12, 6; 4, 16, 21; 9, 10, 11:

    primo abstinentiā utendum: deinde danda, etc.,

    Cels. 5, 26, 34:

    primo... inde,... hinc,

    Liv. 30, 11, 6:

    haec primo paulatim crescere: post, etc.,

    Sall. C. 10, 6:

    dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 15:

    primo... postea... postremo, etc.,

    Liv. 26, 39:

    primo... mox,

    id. 1, 50:

    primo... mox deinde,

    Just. 1, 3:

    primo negitare, denique saepius fatigatus, etc.,

    Sall. J. 111, 2:

    neque illi credebam primo, nunc vero palam est,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 91.—
    3.
    (Mostly post-Aug. for primum.) With iterum, rursus, secundo:

    primo... iterum,

    Liv. 2, 51:

    primo... rursus,

    Suet. Aug. 17:

    primo... secundo,

    Phaedr. 4, 10, 16.—
    B. 1.
    In enumerations, with a foll. deinde, tum:

    Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium e conspectu remotis equis,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

    primum... deinde... deinde,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 143:

    primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 3:

    primum... deinde... praeterea... postremo,

    id. Div. 2, 56, 116:

    primum... tum... deinde... post... tum... deinde....,

    id. Fin. 5, 23, 65; id. Font. 14, 31; cf.:

    primum... secundo loco... deinde... tum,

    id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Inv. 2, 27, 79; Curt. 3, 6, 16; 8, 10, 9; Liv. 1, 28; Nep. Them. 2, 3; id. Epam. 1, 3:

    primum... subinde,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 15:

    primum... mox,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 93.—
    2.
    Without other adverbs.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    quaerenda pecunia primum est,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 53:

    te Quicumque primum Produxit,

    id. C. 2, 13, 2; id. S. 2, 3, 41.—
    (β).
    Strengthened with omnium, first of all, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 13:

    primum omnium ego ipse vigilo,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 19.—
    3.
    With ut, ubi, simulac, cum.
    (α).
    Ut primum, ubi primum, simul ac primum, cum primum, as soon as ever, as soon as:

    ut primum potestas data est augendae dignitatis tuae, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 10, 13, 1:

    ubi primum potuit, istum reliquit,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 48:

    simul ac primum niti possunt, etc.,

    id. N. D. 2, 48, 124:

    tum affuerat, cum primum dati sunt judices,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 57.—
    (β).
    Nunc primum, now first, now for the first time (cf.: nunc demum, now at last):

    post illa nunc primum audio, Quid illo sit factum,

    Ter. And. 5, 4, 33.—
    (γ).
    With dum (also by Plaut. joined in one word, pri-mumdum), in the first place, first (anteclass.):

    primum dum, si falso insimulas, etc. Iterum si id verum est, etc.,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 26:

    omnium primumdum haed aedes jam face occlusae sicut,

    id. Most. 2, 1, 53; 1, 2, 39; id. Capt. 1, 2, 57:

    primum dum omnium male dictitatur tibi vulgo in sermonibus,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 61.—
    (δ).
    With adv. or other expression of time, for the first time:

    hodie primum ire in ganeum,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 37:

    quo die primum convocati su mus,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 30.—
    * C.
    prīmē, es pecially: fabula prime proba, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 188 P.; cf. Prisc. p. 603 P.—
    D.
    prīmĭter, at first, first of all (ante- and post-class.): eripis primiter dapes, Pompon. ap. Non. 154, 26; Inscr. (of the beginning of the third century of Christ) Lab. Epigr. Lat. Scop. in Egitto.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > primus

  • 6 prīncipium

        prīncipium ī, n    [princeps], a beginning, commencement, origin: origo principi nulla est: motūs: principio orationis hoc pono, in beginning my speech: omnium rerum magnarum ab dis inmortalibus principia ducuntur: Scribendi recte sapere est principium, H.: Ab Iove principium, V.: imperi, L.: a sanguine Teucri Ducere principium, O.— Abl adverb., at the beginning, in the beginning, at first, in the first place: Principio vementer velim, etc., T.: principio ausus est dicere: Principio... tum, V.—In the phrase, a principio (rarely de principio), from the beginning, from the first: ut a principio dixi: de principio studuit occurrere, etc.— Plur, beginnings, foundations, principles, elements: diligenter explorata principia ponantur: naturalia: principia rerum, e quibus omnia constant, elements.—Prov.: obsta principiis, O.— That which begins, a leader, founder: Faucia curia fuit principium, i. e. was the first to vote, L.: Graecia principium moris fuit, O.—In the army, plur, the foremost ranks, front lines of soldiers, front, van: ero post principia, in the rear, T.: Marium post principia habere, S.: post principia tutus receptus fuit, to the rear, L.—In a camp, the headquarters, principal place, general's quarters (an open space, for councils and assemblies): iura reddere in principiis, L.: in principiis statuit tabernaculum, N.
    * * *

    Latin-English dictionary > prīncipium

  • 7 principia

    princĭpĭum, ii, n. [princeps], a beginning, commencement, origin (class.; syn.: primordia, initium).
    I.
    In gen.:

    origo principii nulla est: nam ex principio oriuntur omnia,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54:

    quid est cujus principium aliquod sit, nihil sit extremum?

    id. N. D. 1, 8, 20:

    nec principium, nec finem habere,

    id. Sen. 21, 78:

    cujus criminis neque principium invenire, neque evolvere exitum possum,

    id. Cael. 23, 56:

    hic fons, hoc principium est movendi,

    id. Rep. 6, 25, 27:

    bellorum atque imperiorum,

    id. Balb. 3, 9:

    principium pontis,

    Tac. A. 1, 69:

    principio lucis,

    at daybreak, Amm. 25, 5, 1:

    in principiis dicendi,

    at the commencement of a speech, Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121;

    so of a declaration in a lawsuit,

    Juv. 6, 245:

    suave quoddam principium dicendi,

    Amm. 30, 4, 19: principia ducere ab aliquo, to derive, deduce:

    omnium rerum magnarum principia a dis immortalibus ducuntur,

    id. Vatin. 6, 14:

    principium urbis,

    id. Off. 1, 17, 54:

    scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons,

    Hor. A. P. 309:

    omne principium huc refer,

    id. C. 3, 6, 6:

    a Jove principium,

    Verg. E. 3, 60:

    anni,

    Liv. 1, 4:

    a sanguine Teucri Ducere principium,

    Ov. M. 13, 705:

    capessere,

    to begin, Tac. A. 15, 49.—Adverb.: principio, a principio, in principio, at or in the beginning, at first:

    principio... postea, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 2, 35, 75:

    principio generi animantium omni est a naturā tributum, ut se tueatur,

    id. Off. 1, 4, 11; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Fin. 1, 6, 17; Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 39; id. And. 3, 3, 38; Verg. A. 6, 214; Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; so,

    a principio: ac vellem a principio te audissem, etc.,

    id. Att. 7, 1, 2:

    dixeram a principio, de re publicā ut sileremus,

    id. Brut. 42, 157:

    in principio,

    id. de Or. 1, 48, 210:

    principio ut,

    as soon as, Plaut. Merc. prol. 40; v. Ritschl ad h. l.— Rarely of the boundaries of a country or people:

    adusque principia Carmanorum,

    Amm. 23, 6, 74.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Plur., beginnings, foundations, principles, elements (class.):

    bene provisa et diligenter explorata principia ponantur,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 37:

    juris,

    id. ib. 1, 6, 18:

    naturae,

    id. Off. 3, 12, 52;

    for which: principia naturalia,

    id. Fin. 3, 5, 17; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 35:

    principia rerum, ex quibus omnia constant,

    first principles, elements, id. Ac. 2, 36, 117.—

    Prov.: obsta principiis (cf. the French: ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute),

    Ov. R. Am. 91.—
    B.
    That makes a beginning, that votes first: tribus principium fuit, pro tribu Q. Fabius primus scivit, Lex Thoria, Rudorff. p. 142; Lex Appar. ap. Haubold, Moment. Leg. p. 85; Plebissc. ap. Front. Aquaed. 129:

    Faucia curia fuit principium,

    was the first to vote, Liv. 9, 38 fin. —
    2.
    In gen., a beginner, originator, founder, ancestor ( poet.):

    Graecia principium moris fuit,

    Ov. F. 2, 37:

    mihi Belus avorum Principium,

    ancestor, progenitor, Sil. 15, 748.—Here, too, prob. belongs PRINCIPIA SACRA, Æneas and [p. 1446] his successors in Lavinium, ancestors whom the Latins and Romans honored as deities, Inscr. Orell. 2276.—
    C.
    In milit. lang.: princĭpĭa, ōrum, n.
    1.
    The foremost ranks, the front line of soldiers, the front or van of an army:

    post principia,

    behind the front, Liv. 2, 65; cf.:

    hic ero post principia, inde omnibus signum dabo,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 11: post principia paulatim recedunt, Sisenn. ap. Non. 135, 31: deinde ipse paulatim procedere;

    Marium post principia habere,

    Sall. J. 50, 2:

    traversis principiis, in planum deducit,

    id. ib. 49, 6:

    equites post principia collocat,

    Liv. 3, 22; Tac. H. 2, 43. —
    2.
    The staff-officers, members of the council of war (post-class.):

    mittere principia,

    Front. Strat. 2, 5, 30:

    a principiis salutari,

    Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10:

    advocatis legionum principiis et turmarum,

    Amm. 25, 5, 1; Cod. 12, 47, 1.—
    3.
    A large open space in a camp, in which were the tents of the general, lieutenants, and tribunes, together with the standards, and where speeches were made and councils held; the general's quarters:

    jura reddere in principiis,

    Liv. 28, 24:

    in principiis ac praetorio in unum sermones confundi,

    id. 7, 12:

    castrorum,

    Just. 11, 6, 6:

    in castris,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 4, 1:

    in principiis statuit tabernaculum, eoque omnes cotidie convenire (jussit), ut ibi de summis rebus consilia caperentur,

    Nep. Eum. 7, 2; Suet. Oth. 1; 6; Flor. 3, 10, 12:

    primores centurionum et paucos militum in principia vocat,

    Tac. H. 3, 13; 1, 48; Dig. 49, 16, 12; cf. Front. Strat. 4, 1, 16.—
    D.
    Precedence, preference, the first place:

    principium ergo, columenque omnium rerum preti margaritae tenent,

    Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 106. —
    E.
    Plur., selections, selected passages:

    principiorum libri circumferuntur, quia existimatur pars aliqua etiam sine ceteris esse perfecta,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 12.—
    2.
    In partic., mastery, dominion (post-class.): archê, magisterium, magistratus, praesidatus, principium, Gloss. Philox.: in Graeco principii vocabulum, quod est archê, non tantum ordinativum, sed et potestativum capit principatum, Tert. adv. Hermog. 19.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > principia

  • 8 principium

    princĭpĭum, ii, n. [princeps], a beginning, commencement, origin (class.; syn.: primordia, initium).
    I.
    In gen.:

    origo principii nulla est: nam ex principio oriuntur omnia,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54:

    quid est cujus principium aliquod sit, nihil sit extremum?

    id. N. D. 1, 8, 20:

    nec principium, nec finem habere,

    id. Sen. 21, 78:

    cujus criminis neque principium invenire, neque evolvere exitum possum,

    id. Cael. 23, 56:

    hic fons, hoc principium est movendi,

    id. Rep. 6, 25, 27:

    bellorum atque imperiorum,

    id. Balb. 3, 9:

    principium pontis,

    Tac. A. 1, 69:

    principio lucis,

    at daybreak, Amm. 25, 5, 1:

    in principiis dicendi,

    at the commencement of a speech, Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121;

    so of a declaration in a lawsuit,

    Juv. 6, 245:

    suave quoddam principium dicendi,

    Amm. 30, 4, 19: principia ducere ab aliquo, to derive, deduce:

    omnium rerum magnarum principia a dis immortalibus ducuntur,

    id. Vatin. 6, 14:

    principium urbis,

    id. Off. 1, 17, 54:

    scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons,

    Hor. A. P. 309:

    omne principium huc refer,

    id. C. 3, 6, 6:

    a Jove principium,

    Verg. E. 3, 60:

    anni,

    Liv. 1, 4:

    a sanguine Teucri Ducere principium,

    Ov. M. 13, 705:

    capessere,

    to begin, Tac. A. 15, 49.—Adverb.: principio, a principio, in principio, at or in the beginning, at first:

    principio... postea, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 2, 35, 75:

    principio generi animantium omni est a naturā tributum, ut se tueatur,

    id. Off. 1, 4, 11; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Fin. 1, 6, 17; Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 39; id. And. 3, 3, 38; Verg. A. 6, 214; Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; so,

    a principio: ac vellem a principio te audissem, etc.,

    id. Att. 7, 1, 2:

    dixeram a principio, de re publicā ut sileremus,

    id. Brut. 42, 157:

    in principio,

    id. de Or. 1, 48, 210:

    principio ut,

    as soon as, Plaut. Merc. prol. 40; v. Ritschl ad h. l.— Rarely of the boundaries of a country or people:

    adusque principia Carmanorum,

    Amm. 23, 6, 74.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Plur., beginnings, foundations, principles, elements (class.):

    bene provisa et diligenter explorata principia ponantur,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 37:

    juris,

    id. ib. 1, 6, 18:

    naturae,

    id. Off. 3, 12, 52;

    for which: principia naturalia,

    id. Fin. 3, 5, 17; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 35:

    principia rerum, ex quibus omnia constant,

    first principles, elements, id. Ac. 2, 36, 117.—

    Prov.: obsta principiis (cf. the French: ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute),

    Ov. R. Am. 91.—
    B.
    That makes a beginning, that votes first: tribus principium fuit, pro tribu Q. Fabius primus scivit, Lex Thoria, Rudorff. p. 142; Lex Appar. ap. Haubold, Moment. Leg. p. 85; Plebissc. ap. Front. Aquaed. 129:

    Faucia curia fuit principium,

    was the first to vote, Liv. 9, 38 fin. —
    2.
    In gen., a beginner, originator, founder, ancestor ( poet.):

    Graecia principium moris fuit,

    Ov. F. 2, 37:

    mihi Belus avorum Principium,

    ancestor, progenitor, Sil. 15, 748.—Here, too, prob. belongs PRINCIPIA SACRA, Æneas and [p. 1446] his successors in Lavinium, ancestors whom the Latins and Romans honored as deities, Inscr. Orell. 2276.—
    C.
    In milit. lang.: princĭpĭa, ōrum, n.
    1.
    The foremost ranks, the front line of soldiers, the front or van of an army:

    post principia,

    behind the front, Liv. 2, 65; cf.:

    hic ero post principia, inde omnibus signum dabo,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 11: post principia paulatim recedunt, Sisenn. ap. Non. 135, 31: deinde ipse paulatim procedere;

    Marium post principia habere,

    Sall. J. 50, 2:

    traversis principiis, in planum deducit,

    id. ib. 49, 6:

    equites post principia collocat,

    Liv. 3, 22; Tac. H. 2, 43. —
    2.
    The staff-officers, members of the council of war (post-class.):

    mittere principia,

    Front. Strat. 2, 5, 30:

    a principiis salutari,

    Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10:

    advocatis legionum principiis et turmarum,

    Amm. 25, 5, 1; Cod. 12, 47, 1.—
    3.
    A large open space in a camp, in which were the tents of the general, lieutenants, and tribunes, together with the standards, and where speeches were made and councils held; the general's quarters:

    jura reddere in principiis,

    Liv. 28, 24:

    in principiis ac praetorio in unum sermones confundi,

    id. 7, 12:

    castrorum,

    Just. 11, 6, 6:

    in castris,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 4, 1:

    in principiis statuit tabernaculum, eoque omnes cotidie convenire (jussit), ut ibi de summis rebus consilia caperentur,

    Nep. Eum. 7, 2; Suet. Oth. 1; 6; Flor. 3, 10, 12:

    primores centurionum et paucos militum in principia vocat,

    Tac. H. 3, 13; 1, 48; Dig. 49, 16, 12; cf. Front. Strat. 4, 1, 16.—
    D.
    Precedence, preference, the first place:

    principium ergo, columenque omnium rerum preti margaritae tenent,

    Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 106. —
    E.
    Plur., selections, selected passages:

    principiorum libri circumferuntur, quia existimatur pars aliqua etiam sine ceteris esse perfecta,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 12.—
    2.
    In partic., mastery, dominion (post-class.): archê, magisterium, magistratus, praesidatus, principium, Gloss. Philox.: in Graeco principii vocabulum, quod est archê, non tantum ordinativum, sed et potestativum capit principatum, Tert. adv. Hermog. 19.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > principium

  • 9 initium

        initium ī, n    [1 in + 1 I-], a going in, entrance: Remorum, i. e. of the country, Cs.—Fig., a beginning, commencement: Narrationis, T.: annorum, Cs.: bonis initiis orsus tribunatus, tristīs exitus habuit consulatus: belli, S.: dicendi initium sumere: initium fugae factum a Dumnorige, was the first to flee, Cs.: caedis initium facere a me: quod ab initio petivi: querellae ab initio tantae ordiendae rei absint, L.— Abl sing. abverb., in the beginning, at first: tametsi initio laetus, tamen postquam, etc., at first, S.: initio locum tenere, Cs.: dixi initio, iudices.— Plur, constituent parts, elements: initia, et tamquam semina, unde essent omnia orta.—First principles, elements: illa initia mathematicorum: operum initia tradere, Cs.— Auspices: novis initiis et ominibus opus est, i. e. a new reign, Cu.—Secret sacred rites, sacred mysteries: initia Cereris, L.: mysteria initiaque ut appellantur: tua, mater, initia, i. e. instruments used in celebrating the rites, Ct.
    * * *
    beginning, commencement; entrance

    Latin-English dictionary > initium

  • 10 primores

    prīmōris, e ( nom. sing. not in use), adj. [primus], the first, first (class. in plur.).
    I.
    In gen. (rare):

    imbres,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2:

    dentes,

    the front teeth, Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 70:

    in primore pueritiā,

    in earliest childhood, Gell. 10, 19, 3:

    anni,

    first, earliest, Sil. 1, 511: primori Marte, in the first part or beginning of the war, id. 11, 143:

    primore aspectu,

    at first sight, Gell. 2, 7, 6.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    The foremost part, forepart, tip, end, extremity (class.;

    syn. primus): sumere aliquid digitulis primoribus,

    with the tips of one's fingers, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 24:

    versabatur mihi (nomen) in labris primoribus,

    is at my tongue's end, id. Trin. 4, 2, 65:

    aliquid primoribus labris attingere,

    to touch slightly, Cic. de Or. 1, 19, 87; cf. id. Cael. 12, 28; id. Fragm. ap. Non. 428, 3:

    surculum primorem praeacuito obliquum primores digitos duos,

    Cato, R. R. 40, 3; Lucil. ap. Non. 427, 27:

    eduxique animam in primoribu' naribus,

    id. ib. 427, 32:

    nasi primoris acumen,

    Lucr. 6, 1193:

    (pilo) primori inest pyxis ferrea,

    Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 112; 10, 33, 51, § 99:

    cauda late fusa primori parte,

    id. 8, 54, 80, § 216:

    vestibulum esse partem domus primorem,

    Gell. 16, 5, 2:

    in primore libro,

    at the beginning of the book, Gell. 1, 18, 3:

    usque in primores manus ac prope in digitos,

    as far as the forepart of the hands, id. 7, 12:

    primori in acie versari,

    Tac. H. 3, 21.—
    B.
    The first in rank or dignity, chief, principal ( poet. and postclass.—In Liv. 24, 20, 13, Weissenb. reads: inpigre conscriptā; v. also Madvig. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 52):

    Argivorum viri,

    Cat. 68, 87:

    feminae,

    Tac. A. 2, 29:

    venti,

    chief, cardinal, Gell. 2, 22.—Hence, subst.: prīmō-res, um, m.
    (α).
    The front rank in battle, etc.:

    dum inter primores promptius dimicat, sagittā ictus est,

    Curt. 4, 6, 17.—
    (β).
    The men of the first rank, the chiefs, nobles, patricians (cf. princeps):

    Amphitruo delegit viros primorum principes,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

    odio alienae honestatis ereptus primoribus ager,

    Liv. 1, 47, 11:

    primores populi arripuit,

    Hor. S. 2, 1, 69:

    civitatum primores atque optimates,

    Col. 12, 3, 10:

    primores, ac duces,

    Juv. 15, 40:

    ex primoribus,

    Tac. A. 13, 30; 4, 33; Vulg. 2 Macc. 8, 9.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > primores

  • 11 primoris

    prīmōris, e ( nom. sing. not in use), adj. [primus], the first, first (class. in plur.).
    I.
    In gen. (rare):

    imbres,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2:

    dentes,

    the front teeth, Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 70:

    in primore pueritiā,

    in earliest childhood, Gell. 10, 19, 3:

    anni,

    first, earliest, Sil. 1, 511: primori Marte, in the first part or beginning of the war, id. 11, 143:

    primore aspectu,

    at first sight, Gell. 2, 7, 6.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    The foremost part, forepart, tip, end, extremity (class.;

    syn. primus): sumere aliquid digitulis primoribus,

    with the tips of one's fingers, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 24:

    versabatur mihi (nomen) in labris primoribus,

    is at my tongue's end, id. Trin. 4, 2, 65:

    aliquid primoribus labris attingere,

    to touch slightly, Cic. de Or. 1, 19, 87; cf. id. Cael. 12, 28; id. Fragm. ap. Non. 428, 3:

    surculum primorem praeacuito obliquum primores digitos duos,

    Cato, R. R. 40, 3; Lucil. ap. Non. 427, 27:

    eduxique animam in primoribu' naribus,

    id. ib. 427, 32:

    nasi primoris acumen,

    Lucr. 6, 1193:

    (pilo) primori inest pyxis ferrea,

    Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 112; 10, 33, 51, § 99:

    cauda late fusa primori parte,

    id. 8, 54, 80, § 216:

    vestibulum esse partem domus primorem,

    Gell. 16, 5, 2:

    in primore libro,

    at the beginning of the book, Gell. 1, 18, 3:

    usque in primores manus ac prope in digitos,

    as far as the forepart of the hands, id. 7, 12:

    primori in acie versari,

    Tac. H. 3, 21.—
    B.
    The first in rank or dignity, chief, principal ( poet. and postclass.—In Liv. 24, 20, 13, Weissenb. reads: inpigre conscriptā; v. also Madvig. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 52):

    Argivorum viri,

    Cat. 68, 87:

    feminae,

    Tac. A. 2, 29:

    venti,

    chief, cardinal, Gell. 2, 22.—Hence, subst.: prīmō-res, um, m.
    (α).
    The front rank in battle, etc.:

    dum inter primores promptius dimicat, sagittā ictus est,

    Curt. 4, 6, 17.—
    (β).
    The men of the first rank, the chiefs, nobles, patricians (cf. princeps):

    Amphitruo delegit viros primorum principes,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

    odio alienae honestatis ereptus primoribus ager,

    Liv. 1, 47, 11:

    primores populi arripuit,

    Hor. S. 2, 1, 69:

    civitatum primores atque optimates,

    Col. 12, 3, 10:

    primores, ac duces,

    Juv. 15, 40:

    ex primoribus,

    Tac. A. 13, 30; 4, 33; Vulg. 2 Macc. 8, 9.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > primoris

  • 12 ab

    ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

    AF VOBEIS,

    Inscr. Orell. 3114;

    AF MVRO,

    ib. 6601;

    AF CAPVA,

    ib. 3308;

    AF SOLO,

    ib. 589;

    AF LYCO,

    ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

    abs chorago,

    Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

    abs quivis,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

    abs terra,

    Cato, R. R. 51;

    and in compounds: aps-cessero,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

    and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

    id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).
    I.
    In space, and,
    II.
    Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.
    I.
    Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

    Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

    fuga ab urbe turpissima,

    Cic. Att. 7, 21:

    ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

    Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

    illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

    all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

    venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

    Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.
    b.
    Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

    oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

    quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

    ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

    protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

    id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

    profecti a domo,

    Liv. 40, 33, 2;

    of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

    classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

    Liv. 8, 22, 6;

    of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

    Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

    legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

    id. 24, 40, 2.
    c.
    Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

    Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

    libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

    Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

    Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

    id. Att. 7, 24:

    cum a vobis discessero,

    id. Sen. 22:

    multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

    so a fratre,

    id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

    a Pontio,

    Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

    ab ea,

    Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.
    B.
    Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.
    1.
    Of separation:

    ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

    abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

    tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

    Sall. C. 40, 5:

    absint lacerti ab stabulis,

    Verg. G. 4, 14.—
    2.
    Of distance:

    quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

    Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

    nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

    id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

    hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

    terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

    non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

    cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

    Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

    qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

    quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

    procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

    tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

    Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

    v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

    tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

    id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

    tam prope ab domo detineri,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

    onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

    eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

    duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

    id. 37, 38, 5). —
    3.
    To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

    picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

    Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

    pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

    on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

    non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

    at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

    erat a septentrionibus collis,

    on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).
    II.
    Fig.
    A.
    In time.
    1.
    From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

    Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

    Juv. 1,40:

    mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

    immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

    Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

    ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

    immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

    ab eo magistratu,

    after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

    a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

    after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

    ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

    Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

    confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

    Liv. 30, 36, 1:

    statim a funere,

    Suet. Caes. 85;

    and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

    id. ib. 60:

    protinus ab adoptione,

    Vell. 2, 104, 3:

    Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

    soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

    Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

    i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

    secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

    i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.
    2.
    With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

    ab hora tertia bibebatur,

    from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

    infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

    since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

    vixit ab omni aeternitate,

    from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

    cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

    Nep. Att. 5, 3:

    in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

    after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

    centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

    since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

    cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

    id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

    ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

    since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

    diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

    quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

    since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

    jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

    from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

    ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

    Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

    cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

    a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

    Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

    pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

    from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.
    b.
    Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

    qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

    from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

    mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

    a pueritia,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

    jam inde ab adulescentia,

    Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

    ab adulescentia,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

    jam a prima adulescentia,

    id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

    ab ineunte adulescentia,

    id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

    followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

    a primis temporibus aetatis,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

    a teneris unguiculis,

    from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

    usque a toga pura,

    id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

    jam inde ab incunabulis,

    Liv. 4, 36, 5:

    a prima lanugine,

    Suet. Oth. 12:

    viridi ab aevo,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

    rarely of animals: ab infantia,

    Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

    qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

    a pausillo puero,

    id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

    a puero,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

    a pueris,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

    ab adulescente,

    id. Quint. 3, 12:

    ab infante,

    Col. 1, 8, 2:

    a parva virgine,

    Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

    a parvis,

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

    a parvulo,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

    ab parvulis,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

    ab tenero,

    Col. 5, 6, 20;

    and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.
    B.
    In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.
    1.
    In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

    suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

    qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

    hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

    quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

    condicionem quam ab te peto,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

    mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

    si quid ab illo acceperis,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

    quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

    ab defensione desistere,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

    ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

    id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

    ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

    qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

    the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

    tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

    next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

    Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

    next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

    quid hoc ab illo differt,

    from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

    hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

    id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

    discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

    id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

    quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

    alieno a te animo fuit,

    id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

    subdole ab re consulit,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

    haut est ab re aucupis,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

    non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

    Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).
    2.
    In partic.
    a.
    To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

    a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

    Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

    ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

    id. ib. 1, 3:

    disputata ab eo,

    id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

    illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

    id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

    ita generati a natura sumus,

    id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

    pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

    Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

    niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

    quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

    is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

    salvebis a meo Cicerone,

    i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

    a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

    i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

    ne vir ab hoste cadat,

    Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

    levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

    a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

    id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

    si calor est a sole,

    id. N. D. 2, 52:

    ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

    id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

    metu poenae a Romanis,

    Liv. 32, 23, 9:

    bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

    id. 3, 22, 2:

    ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

    id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

    lassus ab equo indomito,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

    Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

    Prop. 5, 1, 126:

    tempus a nostris triste malis,

    time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

    vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

    by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

    ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

    Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

    si postulatur a populo,

    if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

    deseror conjuge,

    Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

    and in prose,

    Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

    ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

    (urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.
    b.
    With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

    pastores a Pergamide,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

    Turnus ab Aricia,

    Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

    obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

    Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.
    c.
    In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

    (sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

    id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)
    d.
    With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

    da, puere, ab summo,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

    da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

    coepere a fame mala,

    Liv. 4, 12, 7:

    cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

    tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

    a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.
    e.
    With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

    a foliis et stercore purgato,

    Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

    tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

    Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

    Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

    Liv. 21, 11, 5:

    expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

    haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

    ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

    Sall. C. 32:

    ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

    Liv. 21, 35, 12:

    ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

    Cic. Sest. 64, 133.
    f.
    With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

    el metul a Chryside,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

    ab Hannibale metuens,

    Liv. 23, 36; and:

    metus a praetore,

    id. 23, 15, 7;

    v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

    Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

    postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

    you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.
    g.
    With verbs of fastening and holding:

    funiculus a puppi religatus,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

    cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

    Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.
    h.
    Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

    a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

    Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.
    i.
    Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

    id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 22.
    j.
    Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

    doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

    a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

    id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

    a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

    a frigore laborantibus,

    Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

    laborare ab re frumentaria,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.
    k.
    Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

    ab ingenio improbus,

    Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

    a me pudica'st,

    id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

    orba ab optimatibus contio,

    Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

    locus copiosus a frumento,

    Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

    sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

    id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

    ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

    id. Brut. 16, 63:

    ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

    Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

    so often in poets ab arte=arte,

    artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.
    l.
    In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

    linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

    thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

    ab honore,

    id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.
    m.
    Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

    ab illo injuria,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

    fulgor ab auro,

    Lucr. 2, 5:

    dulces a fontibus undae,

    Verg. G. 2, 243.
    n.
    In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

    scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

    nonnuill ab novissimis,

    id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).
    o.
    In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

    qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

    ab eo qui sunt,

    id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

    nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

    id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).
    p.
    To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

    in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

    one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

    a manu servus,

    a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).
    q.
    The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

    a peregre,

    Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

    a foris,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

    ab intus,

    ib. ib. 7, 15:

    ab invicem,

    App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

    a longe,

    Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

    a modo,

    ib. ib. 23, 39;

    Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

    Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

    a sursum,

    ib. Marc. 15, 38.
    ► a.
    Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

    Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

    Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

    a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

    id. Sen. 6:

    a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

    id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

    res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

    id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—
    b.
    Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—
    c.
    It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

    a vitae periculo,

    Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

    a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

    id. Arch. 6, 12:

    a minus bono,

    Sall. C. 2, 6:

    a satis miti principio,

    Liv. 1, 6, 4:

    damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

    Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—
    d.
    The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

    aque Chao,

    Verg. G. 4, 347:

    aque mero,

    Ov. M. 3, 631:

    aque viro,

    id. H. 6, 156:

    aque suis,

    id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

    a meque,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

    abs teque,

    id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

    a teque,

    id. ib. 8, 11, §

    7: a primaque adulescentia,

    id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —
    e.
    A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.
    III.
    In composition ab,
    1.
    Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—
    2.
    It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ab

  • 13 B

    B, b, indecl. n., designates, in the Latin alphabet, the soft, labial sound as in English, unlike the Gr. beta (B, b), which approached the Engl. v in sound; v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 124 sqq. At the beginning of words it represents an original dv or gv, and elsewhere an original gv, p, v, or bh ( v); v. Corss. Ausspr. I. pp. 134, 161. It corresponds regularly with Gr. b, but freq. also with p, and, in the middle of words, with ph; cf. brevis, brachus; ab, apo; carbasus, karpasos; ambo, amphi, amphô; nubes, nephos, etc.; v. Roby, Gram. I. p. 26; Kühner, Gram. § 34, 6. In Latin, as in all kindred languages, it was used in forming words to express the cry of different animals, as balare, barrire, baubari, blacterare, boare, bombitare, bubere, bubulare; children beginning to talk called their drink bua; so, balbus denoted the stammering sound, bambalio the stuttering, blatire and blaterare the babbling, blaesus the lisping, blandus the caressing. At the beginning of words b is found with no consonants except l and r (for bdellium, instead of which Marc. Emp. also wrote bdella, is a foreign word); but in the middle of words it is connected with other liquid and feeble consonants. Before hard consonants b is found only in compounds with ob and sub, the only prepositions, besides ab, which end in a labial sound; and these freq. rejected the labial, even when they are separated by the insertion of s, as abspello and absporto pass into aspello and asporto; or the place of the labial is supplied by u, as in aufero and aufugio (cf. ab init. and au); before f and p it is assimilated, as suffero, suppono; before m assimilated or not, as summergo or submergo; before c sometimes assimilated, as succedo, succingo, sometimes taking the form sus (as if from subs; cf. abs), as suscenseo; and sometimes su before s followed by a consonant, as suspicor. When b belonged to the root of a word it seems to have been retained, as plebs from plebis, urbs from urbis, etc.; so in Arabs, chalybs ( = Araps, chalups), the Gr. ps was represented by bs; as also in absis, absinthi-um, etc. But in scripsi from scribo, nupsi from nubo, etc., b was changed to p, though some grammarians still wrote bs in these words; cf. Prisc. pp. 556, 557 P.; Vel. Long. pp. 2224, 2261 ib. Of the liquids, l and r stand either before or after b, but m only before it, with the exception of abmatertera, parallel with the equally anomalous abpatruus (cf. ab init. and fin.), and n only after it; hence con and in before b always become com and im; as inversely b before n is sometimes changed to m, as Samnium for Sabinium and scamnum for scabnum, whence the dim. scabellum. B is so readily joined with u that not only acubus, arcubus, etc., were written for acibus, arcibus, etc., but also contubernium was formed from taberna, and bubile was used for bovile, as also in dubius ( = doios, duo) a b was inserted. B could be doubled, as appears not only from the foreign words abbas and sabbatum, but also from obba and gibba, and the compounds with ob and sub. B is reduplicated in bibo (cf the Gr. piô), as the shortness of the first syllable in the preterit bĭbi, compared with dēdi and stĕti or sti/ti, shows; although later bibo was treated as a primitive, and the supine bibitum formed from it. Sometimes before b an m was inserted, e. g. in cumbo for cubo kuptô, lambo for laptô, nimbus for nephos; inversely, also, it was rejected in sabucus for sambucus and labdacismus for lambdacismus. As in the middle, so at the beginning of words, b might take the place of another labial, e. g. buxis for pyxis, balaena for phalaina, carbatina for carpatina, publicus from poplicus, ambo for amphô; as even Enn. wrote Burrus and Bruges for Pyrrhus and Phryges; Naev., Balantium for Palatium (v. the latter words, and cf. Fest. p. 26).—In a later age, but not often before A.D. 300, intercourse with the Greeks caused the pronunciation of the b and v to be so similar that Adamantius Martyrius in Cassiod. pp. 2295-2310 P., drew up a separate catalogue of words which might be written with either b or v. So, Petronius has berbex for verbex, and in inscrr., but not often before A. D. 300, such errors as bixit for vixit, abe for ave, ababus for abavus, etc. (as inversely vene, devitum, acervus, vasis instead of bene, debitum, acerbus, basis), are found; Flabio, Jubentius, for Flavio, Juventius, are rare cases from the second century after Christ.—The interchange between labials, palatals, and linguals (as glans for balanos, bilis for fel or cholê) is rare at the beginning of words, but more freq. in the middle; cf. tabeo, têkô, and Sanscr. tak, terebra and teretron, uber and outhar; besides which the change of tribus Sucusana into Suburana (Varr. L. L. 5, § 48 Müll.; Quint. 1, 7, 29) deserves consideration. This interchange is most freq. in terminations used in forming words, as ber, cer, ter; brum or bulum, crum or culum, trum, bundus and cundus; bilis and tilis, etc.—Finally, the interchange of b with du at the beginning of words deserves special mention, as duonus for bonus, Bellona for Duellona, bellum for duellum, bellicus for duellicus, etc., and bis from duis.—As an abbreviation, B usually designates bonus or bene. Thus, B. D. = Bona Dea, Inscr. Orell. 1524; 2427; 2822:

    B. M. = bene merenti,

    ib. 99; 114; 506:

    B. M. P. = bene merenti posuit,

    ib. 255:

    B. D. S. M. = bene de se meritae,

    ib. 2437:

    B. V. V. = bene vale valeque,

    ib. 4816:

    B. M. = bonae memoriae,

    ib. 1136; 3385:

    B. M. = bonā mente,

    ib. 5033;

    sometimes it stands for beneficiarius, and BB. beneficiarii,

    ib. 3489; 3868; 3486 al.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > B

  • 14 b

    B, b, indecl. n., designates, in the Latin alphabet, the soft, labial sound as in English, unlike the Gr. beta (B, b), which approached the Engl. v in sound; v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 124 sqq. At the beginning of words it represents an original dv or gv, and elsewhere an original gv, p, v, or bh ( v); v. Corss. Ausspr. I. pp. 134, 161. It corresponds regularly with Gr. b, but freq. also with p, and, in the middle of words, with ph; cf. brevis, brachus; ab, apo; carbasus, karpasos; ambo, amphi, amphô; nubes, nephos, etc.; v. Roby, Gram. I. p. 26; Kühner, Gram. § 34, 6. In Latin, as in all kindred languages, it was used in forming words to express the cry of different animals, as balare, barrire, baubari, blacterare, boare, bombitare, bubere, bubulare; children beginning to talk called their drink bua; so, balbus denoted the stammering sound, bambalio the stuttering, blatire and blaterare the babbling, blaesus the lisping, blandus the caressing. At the beginning of words b is found with no consonants except l and r (for bdellium, instead of which Marc. Emp. also wrote bdella, is a foreign word); but in the middle of words it is connected with other liquid and feeble consonants. Before hard consonants b is found only in compounds with ob and sub, the only prepositions, besides ab, which end in a labial sound; and these freq. rejected the labial, even when they are separated by the insertion of s, as abspello and absporto pass into aspello and asporto; or the place of the labial is supplied by u, as in aufero and aufugio (cf. ab init. and au); before f and p it is assimilated, as suffero, suppono; before m assimilated or not, as summergo or submergo; before c sometimes assimilated, as succedo, succingo, sometimes taking the form sus (as if from subs; cf. abs), as suscenseo; and sometimes su before s followed by a consonant, as suspicor. When b belonged to the root of a word it seems to have been retained, as plebs from plebis, urbs from urbis, etc.; so in Arabs, chalybs ( = Araps, chalups), the Gr. ps was represented by bs; as also in absis, absinthi-um, etc. But in scripsi from scribo, nupsi from nubo, etc., b was changed to p, though some grammarians still wrote bs in these words; cf. Prisc. pp. 556, 557 P.; Vel. Long. pp. 2224, 2261 ib. Of the liquids, l and r stand either before or after b, but m only before it, with the exception of abmatertera, parallel with the equally anomalous abpatruus (cf. ab init. and fin.), and n only after it; hence con and in before b always become com and im; as inversely b before n is sometimes changed to m, as Samnium for Sabinium and scamnum for scabnum, whence the dim. scabellum. B is so readily joined with u that not only acubus, arcubus, etc., were written for acibus, arcibus, etc., but also contubernium was formed from taberna, and bubile was used for bovile, as also in dubius ( = doios, duo) a b was inserted. B could be doubled, as appears not only from the foreign words abbas and sabbatum, but also from obba and gibba, and the compounds with ob and sub. B is reduplicated in bibo (cf the Gr. piô), as the shortness of the first syllable in the preterit bĭbi, compared with dēdi and stĕti or sti/ti, shows; although later bibo was treated as a primitive, and the supine bibitum formed from it. Sometimes before b an m was inserted, e. g. in cumbo for cubo kuptô, lambo for laptô, nimbus for nephos; inversely, also, it was rejected in sabucus for sambucus and labdacismus for lambdacismus. As in the middle, so at the beginning of words, b might take the place of another labial, e. g. buxis for pyxis, balaena for phalaina, carbatina for carpatina, publicus from poplicus, ambo for amphô; as even Enn. wrote Burrus and Bruges for Pyrrhus and Phryges; Naev., Balantium for Palatium (v. the latter words, and cf. Fest. p. 26).—In a later age, but not often before A.D. 300, intercourse with the Greeks caused the pronunciation of the b and v to be so similar that Adamantius Martyrius in Cassiod. pp. 2295-2310 P., drew up a separate catalogue of words which might be written with either b or v. So, Petronius has berbex for verbex, and in inscrr., but not often before A. D. 300, such errors as bixit for vixit, abe for ave, ababus for abavus, etc. (as inversely vene, devitum, acervus, vasis instead of bene, debitum, acerbus, basis), are found; Flabio, Jubentius, for Flavio, Juventius, are rare cases from the second century after Christ.—The interchange between labials, palatals, and linguals (as glans for balanos, bilis for fel or cholê) is rare at the beginning of words, but more freq. in the middle; cf. tabeo, têkô, and Sanscr. tak, terebra and teretron, uber and outhar; besides which the change of tribus Sucusana into Suburana (Varr. L. L. 5, § 48 Müll.; Quint. 1, 7, 29) deserves consideration. This interchange is most freq. in terminations used in forming words, as ber, cer, ter; brum or bulum, crum or culum, trum, bundus and cundus; bilis and tilis, etc.—Finally, the interchange of b with du at the beginning of words deserves special mention, as duonus for bonus, Bellona for Duellona, bellum for duellum, bellicus for duellicus, etc., and bis from duis.—As an abbreviation, B usually designates bonus or bene. Thus, B. D. = Bona Dea, Inscr. Orell. 1524; 2427; 2822:

    B. M. = bene merenti,

    ib. 99; 114; 506:

    B. M. P. = bene merenti posuit,

    ib. 255:

    B. D. S. M. = bene de se meritae,

    ib. 2437:

    B. V. V. = bene vale valeque,

    ib. 4816:

    B. M. = bonae memoriae,

    ib. 1136; 3385:

    B. M. = bonā mente,

    ib. 5033;

    sometimes it stands for beneficiarius, and BB. beneficiarii,

    ib. 3489; 3868; 3486 al.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > b

  • 15 S

    S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.
    I.
    The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

    in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

    Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—
    II.
    As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

    and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

    Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—
    III.
    As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—
    IV.
    As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—
    V.
    S is interchanged,
    A.
    Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—
    B.
    With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—
    C.
    With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—
    D.
    With x; v. that letter.—
    VI.
    S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —
    VII.
    As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > S

  • 16 s

    S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.
    I.
    The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

    in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

    Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—
    II.
    As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

    and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

    Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—
    III.
    As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—
    IV.
    As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—
    V.
    S is interchanged,
    A.
    Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—
    B.
    With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—
    C.
    With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—
    D.
    With x; v. that letter.—
    VI.
    S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —
    VII.
    As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > s

  • 17 prīmō

        prīmō adv.    [primus], in the order of time, at first, at the beginning, first, in the first place: primo attente auditur eius oratio: Themistocles solus primo profectus est, N.: primo... deinde... tum... tum: dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente, Cs.: primo... postea... postremo, L.: primo negitare, denique saepius fatigatus, etc., S.: primo... iterum, L.: primo... Secundo, Ph.
    * * *
    at first; in the first place; at the beginning

    Latin-English dictionary > prīmō

  • 18 utrum

    ū̆trum, adv. [uter].
    I.
    Introducing an alternative question (direct or indirect), with an beginning the second clause (v. an); in Engl. represented in direct questions simply by the tone of voice, and in indirect questions by whether.
    A.
    In a direct interrogation.
    1.
    With ne,
    (α).
    Attached to the emphatic word of the first clause:

    utrum tu masne an femina es?

    Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 16: Ba. Simulato me amare. Pi. Utrum ego istoc jocon' assimulem, an serio, id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42:

    utrum studione id sibi habet an laudi putat Fore?

    Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 28:

    utrum igitur tandem perspicuisne dubia aperiuntur an dubiis perspicua tolluntur?

    Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67:

    utrum censes illum tuamne de se orationem libentius auditurum fuisse an meam?

    id. ib. 2, 19, 60.—
    (β).
    With ne attached to utrum, utrumne... an ( poet. and post-Aug.): utrumne jussi persequemur otium... An hunc laborem, etc. Hor. Epod. 1, 7:

    utrumne salvum eum nolet orator, an? etc.,

    Quint. 12, 1, 40:

    utrumne igitur ego sum, Domiti, exemplo gravis an tu, qui, etc.,

    Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With ne repeated in place of an (very rare): sed utrum terraene motus, sonitusne inferum Pervasit auris? Att. ap. Prisc. 6, p. 680 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 479 Rib.).—
    2.
    Without ne, utrum... an (class.):

    utrum pro ancillā me habes, an pro filiā?

    Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 13:

    utrum hac me feriam, an ab laevā, latus?

    id. Cist. 3, 13:

    sed utrum nunc tu coelibem ted esse mavis liberum, an maritum servom, etc.,

    id. Cas. 2, 4, 11:

    utrum pro dimidiā parte, an pro totā societate? Utrum pro me an pro me et pro te?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 32:

    utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est?

    id. Ac. 2, 29, 95; id. Tusc. 1, 25, 61.—
    B.
    In an indirect interrogation.
    1.
    With ne attached,
    (α).
    To the emphatic word of the first clause: sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem Nescio, Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 18:

    videndum'st primum utrum eae velintne an non velint,

    id. Most. 3, 1, 151:

    cum animo depugnat suo, Utrum itane esse ma. velit... an ita potius,

    id. Trin. 2, 2, 26; id. Ps. 2, 4, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 1: de istac rogas Virgine? Py. Ita, utrum praedicemne an taceam? Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 53:

    ea res nunc in discrimine versatur, utrum possitne se parsimonia defendere, an, etc.,

    Cic. Quint. 30, 92:

    videamus, utrum ea fortuitane sint an eo statu, quo, etc.,

    id. N. D. 2, 34, 87; id. Phil. 2, 12, 30; cf.:

    est... illa distinctio, utrum... an... et utrum illudne... an, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 4, 27, 59.—
    (β).
    With ne attached to utrum; utrumne... an ( poet. and post-Aug.):

    nec quidquam differre utrumne in pulvere... ludas opus, an meretricis amore Sollicitus plores,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 251:

    utrumne Divitiis homines an sint virtute beati,

    id. ib. 2, 6, 73:

    in eo plures dissenserunt, utrumne hae partes essent rhetorices, an ejusdem opera, an elementa,

    Quint. 3, 3, 13:

    Dareus dubitaverat utrumne circa Mesopotamiam subsisteret, an interiora regna sui peteret,

    Curt. 4, 9, 1; Col. 11, 1, 50; Suet. Caes. 80; Tac. Or. 37.—
    (γ).
    With ne attached to an; utrum... anne:

    me jussit percontarier utrum aurum reddat anne eat secum simul,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 1, 4:

    est quaerendumque utrum una species sit earum anne plures,

    Cic. Or. 61, 206:

    id autem utrum illi sentiant anne simulent, tu intelleges,

    id. Att. 12, 51, 2; cf. uter, I. B. 4, fin. —
    2.
    Without ne:

    quid tu, malum, curas, Utrum crudum an coctum edim,

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 16:

    facite indicium, utrum hac an illac iter institerit,

    id. Cist. 4, 2, 11:

    utrum stultitiā facere ego hunc an malitiā Dicam, incertus sum,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 54:

    id utrum Romano more locutus sit, an, quomodo Stoici dicunt, postea videro,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 3:

    permultum interest, utrum perturbatione aliquā animi, an consulto fiat injuria,

    id. Off. 1, 8, 27:

    quid interest utrum hoc feceris, an, etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 75, § 174; id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

    multum interest, utrum laus imminuatur, an salus deseratur,

    id. Fam. 1, 7, 8: quomodo transierit, utrum rate an piscatorio navigio, nemo sciebat, Cael. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 41; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 8; Cat. 17, 21.—
    3.
    With necne (rarely ne) in place of the second clause with an; utrum... necne, whether... or not:

    jam dudum ego erro, qui quaeram, utrum emeris necne,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 35:

    di utrum sint necne sint quaeritur,

    id. N. D. 3, 7, 17:

    utrum proelium committi ex usu esset necne,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 50: deliberent, utrum traiciant legiones necne... et Brutum arcessant necne, et mihi stipendium dent an decernant, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 26; Liv. 39, 48, 2.—So, utrum... ne:

    cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret? matrem inquit,

    Nep. Iphic. 3, 4.—
    II.
    Introducing a disjunctive question with more than two members, with an beginning each clause after the first.
    A.
    A direct question:

    utrum hoc tu parum commeministi, an ego non satis intellexi, an mutasti sententiam?

    Cic. Att. 9, 2:

    utrum hoc signum cupiditatis tuae an tropaeum necessitudinis an amoris indicium esse voluisti?

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115; 2, 3, 36, § 83:

    utrum hostem an vos an fortunam utriusque populi ignoratis?

    Liv. 21, 10, 6; 6, 7, 3:

    utrum major... an majores... an aetas... an cum Karthaginiensi, etc.,

    id. 28, 43, 12.—
    B.
    An indirect question:

    in quo (convivio) nemo potest dicere utrum ille plus biberit an vomuerit an effuderit,

    Cic. Pis. 10, 22:

    utrum admonitus an temptatus an sine duce ullo... nescio,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 105.—
    III.
    Introducing a single question without an expressed alternative (cf. the similar use of an).
    a.
    In a direct interrogation:

    utrum enim in clarissimis est civibus is, quem judicatum hic duxit Hermippus?

    Cic. Fl. 19, 45:

    utrum igitur hactenus satis est?

    id. Top. 4, 25:

    utrum majores vestri omnium magnarum rerum et principia exorti ab diis sunt et finem eum statuerunt?

    Liv. 45, 39, 10.—
    b.
    In an indirect interrogation:

    neque utrum ex hoc saltu damni salvum scio eliciam foras,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 30:

    an hoc dicere audebis, utrum de te aratores, utrum denique Siculi universi bene existiment, ad rem id non pertinere?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 167: [p. 1949] Nep. Eum. 6, 1.—With the interrog. particle nam:

    cum percontatus esset, utrumnam Patris universa classis in portu stare posset,

    Liv. 37, 17, 10 dub. Weissenb. ad loc. (Hertz and Madv. possetne).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > utrum

  • 19 prīmus

        prīmus adj. sup.    [PRO-], the first, first: Primus sentio mala nostra, T.: primae litterae: primus Graecae civitatis in Thraciam introiit, N.: primus de mille fuisses, O.— Plur m. as subst: in primis stetit, among the foremost, N.: in primis pugnantes, in the van, S.: Utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis Institerat (i. e. ut primum), V.—In time or place, first, fore, foremost: in primā provinciā, at the entrance of the province: sol, i. e. the rising sun, V.—With quisque, the first possible, the very first: primo quoque tempore, at the very first opportunity: me tibi primum quidque concedente.—As subst n., sing. and plur, the first part, beginning: quod bellum, si prima satis prospera fuissent, L.: utinam a primo ita tibi esset visum, from the first: equites in primo late ire iubet, in the van, S.: qui numerus in primo viget, iacet in extremo, first part.—Fig., of rank or merit, first, chief, principal, excellent, eminent, distinguished, noble: evocat ad se Massiliā quindecim primos, Cs.: sui municipi facile primus: primis urbis placuisse, H.: iuvenum primi, V.: apud te primus, first in your favor, T.: otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, S.: primas partīs qui aget, plays the leading part, T.: si Allienus tibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit.— Plur f. as subst. (only acc; sc. partīs), the first rank, lead, highest place: actioni primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, ascribed supreme importance: amoris erga me tibi primas defero, i. e. the first place among those who love me.—Plur. abl. as subst., in the phrases, in primis, cum primis, among the first, with the foremost, eminently, chiefly, especially, principally, particularly: vir fortis in primis: oppidum in primis Siciliae clarum: homo in primis improbissimus: in primis... deinde, in the first place, S.: homo cum primis locuples.
    * * *
    I
    prima, primum ADJ
    first, foremost/best, chief, principal; nearest/next
    II
    chiefs (pl.), nobles

    Latin-English dictionary > prīmus

  • 20 an

    1.
    ăn, conj. [etym. very obscure; v. the various views adduced in Hand, I. p. 296, with which he seems dissatisfied; if it is connected with the Sanscr. anjas, = Germ. ander, = Engl. other, we may comp. the Engl. other and or with the Germ. oder, = or]. It introduces the second part of a disjunctive interrogation, or a phrase implying doubt, and thus unites in itself the signif. of aut and num or -ne, or, or whether (hence the clause with an is entirely parallel with that introduced by num, utrum, -ne, etc., while aut forms only a subdivision in the single disjunctive clause; utrum... aut—an... aut, whether... or, etc.; cf. Ochsn. Eclog. p. 150; v. also aut).
    I.
    In disjunctive interrogations.
    A.
    Direct.
    a.
    Introd. by utrum (in Engl. the introd. particle whether is now obsolete, and the interrogation is denoted simply by the order of the words):

    Utrum hac me feriam an ab laevā latus?

    Plaut. Cist. 3, 10:

    sed utrum tu amicis hodie an inimicis tuis Daturu's cenam?

    id. Ps. 3, 2, 88; id. Pers. 3, 1, 13; id. Trin. 1, 2, 138; id. Cas. 2, 4, 11:

    Utrum sit annon voltis?

    id. Am. prol. 56:

    quid facies? Utrum hoc tantum crimen praetermittes an obicies?

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 30 sq.:

    in plebem vero Romanam utrum superbiam prius commemorem an crudelitatem?

    id. Verr. 1, 122; id. Deiot. 23; id. Fam. 7, 13:

    Utrum enim defenditis an impugnatis plebem?

    Liv. 5, 3. —And with an twice:

    Utrum hoc signum cupiditatis tuae an tropaeum necessitudinis atque hospitii an amoris indicium esse voluisti?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 115; id. Imp. Pomp. 57 sq.; id. Rab. 21.—With an three times:

    Utrum res ab initio ita ducta est, an ad extremum ita perducta, an ita parva est pecunia, an is (homo) Verres, ut haec quae dixi, gratis facta esse videantur?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 61; 3, 83; id. Clu. 183; Liv. 21, 10; and seven times in Cic. Dom. 56-58.—With -ne pleon. (not to be confounded with cases where utrum precedes as pron.; as Cic. Tusc. 4, 4, 9):

    sed utrum tu masne an femina es, qui illum patrem voces?

    Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 16; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; id. Stich. 5, 4, 26:

    Utrum studione id sibi habet an laudi putat Fore, si etc.,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 28:

    Utrum igitur tandem perspicuisne dubia aperiuntur an dubiis perspicua tolluntur?

    Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67.—And affixed to utrum, but rarely:

    Utrumne jussi persequemur otium... an hunc laborem etc.,

    Hor. Epod. 1, 7; Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4; Quint. 12, 1, 40.—
    b.
    Introduced by -ne:

    quid fit? seditio tabetne an numeros augificat suos?

    Enn. Trag. Rel. p. 23 Rib.:

    servos esne an liber?

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 186:

    idne agebas, ut tibi cum sceleratis an ut cum bonis civibus conveniret?

    Cic. Lig. 18; 23:

    custosne urbis an direptor et vexator esset Antonius?

    id. Phil. 3, 27; id. Mur. 88; id. Sull. 22.—

    So with an twice,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 28; id. Att. 16, 8;

    and five times,

    id. Balb. 9.—
    c.
    Introduced by nonne:

    Nonne ad servos videtis rem publicam venturam fuisse? An mihi ipsi fuit mors aequo animo oppetenda?

    Cic. Sest. 47; id. Sex. Rosc. 43 sq.; id. Dom. 26; 127.—So with an twice, Cic. Phil. 11, 36.—
    d.
    Introduced by num:

    si quis invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis invidia quam inertiae pertimescenda?

    Cic. Cat. 1, 29; id. Mur. 76; id. Sest. 80:

    Num quid duas habetis patrias an est illa patria communis?

    id. Leg. 2, 2.—
    e.
    Without introductory particle:

    quid igitur? haec vera an falsa sunt?

    Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 95:

    quid enim exspectas? bellum an tabulas novas?

    id. Cat. 2, 18:

    ipse percussit an aliis occidendum dedit?

    id. Sex. Rosc. 74; id. Verr. 2, 106; id. Imp. Pomp. 53; id. Phil. 2, 27:

    eloquar an sileam?

    Verg. A. 3, 37:

    auditis an me ludit amabilis Insania?

    Hor. C. 3, 4, 5.—So an twice, Cic. Mil. 54;

    three times,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 8;

    and six times,

    Cic. Rab. 14; id. Pis. 40.—
    B.
    Indirect.
    a.
    Introduced by utrum:

    quid tu, malum, curas, Utrum crudum an coctum edim?

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 16; id. Cist. 4, 2, 11; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 1; id. Mil. 2, 3, 74:

    quaero, si quis... utrum is clemens an inhumanissimus esse videatur,

    Cic. Cat. 4, 12:

    agitur, utrum M. Antonio facultas detur an horum ei facere nihil liceat,

    id. Phil. 5, 6; id. Sex. Rosc. 72; id. Imp. Pomp. 42; id. Verr. 1, 105.
    ► So once only in Vulg.
    aut for an: Loquimini de me utrum bovem cujusquam tulerim aut asinum, 1 Reg. 12, 3.—And with -ne pleon.:

    res in discrimine versatur, utrum possitne se contra luxuriem parsimonia defendere an deformata cupiditati addicatur,

    Cic. Quinct. 92:

    numquamne intelleges statuendum tibi esse, utrum illi, qui istam rem gesserunt, homicidaene sint an vindices libertatis?

    id. Phil. 2, 30.—
    b.
    Introduced by -ne:

    Fortunāne an forte repertus,

    Att. Trag. Rel. p. 159 Rib. agitur autem liberine vivamus an mortem obeamus, Cic. Phil. 11, 24; id. Verr. 4, 73; id. Mil. 16:

    nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus vivamus etc.,

    Sall. C. 52, 10.—So with an three times, Cic. Or. 61.—
    c.
    Introduced by an:

    haud scio an malim te videri... an amicos tuos plus habuisse,

    Cic. Pis. 39.—
    d.
    Without introd. particle:

    ... vivam an moriar, nulla in me est metus,

    Enn. Trag. Rel. p. 72 Rib.:

    vivat an mortuus sit, quis aut scit aut curat?

    Cic. Phil. 13, 33; 3, 18; id. Sex. Rosc. 88; id. Red. in Sen. 14.—
    C.
    Sometimes the opinion of the speaker or the probability inclines to the second interrogative clause (cf. infra, II. E.). and this is made emphatic, as a corrective of the former, or rather, or on the contrary:

    ea quae dixi ad corpusne refers? an est aliquid, quod te suā sponte delectet?

    Cic. Fin. 2, 33, 107:

    Cur sic agere voluistis? An ignoratis quod etc.,

    Vulg. Gen. 44, 15.—Hence, in the comic poets, an potius:

    cum animo depugnat suo, Utrum itane esse mavelit ut... An ita potius ut etc.,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 31: id. Stich. 1, 2, 18; id. Trin. 2, 2, 25:

    an id flagitium est, An potius hoc patri aequomst fieri, ut a me ludatur dolis?

    Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 94.—
    D.
    The first part of the interrogation is freq. not expressed, but is to be supplied from the context; in this case, an begins the interrog., or, or rather, or indeed, or perhaps (but it does not begin an absolute, i. e. not disjunctive, interrog.): De. Credam ego istuc, si esse te hilarem videro. Ar. An tu esse me tristem putas? (where nonne me hilarem esse vides? is implied), Plaut. As. 5, 1, 10: Ch. Sed Thaïs multon ante venit? Py. An abiit jam a milite? Ter. Eun. 4, 5, 7:

    An ego Ulixem obliscar umquam?

    Att. Trag. Rel. p. 199 Rib.:

    An parum vobis est quod peccatis?

    Vulg. Josh. 22, 17:

    est igitur aliquid, quod perturbata mens melius possit facere quam constans? an quisquam potest sine perturbatione mentis irasci?

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 24, 54; cf. id. Clu. 22; id. Off. 3, 29: Debes hoc etiam rescribere, sit tibi curae Quantae conveniat Munatius; an male sarta Gratia nequiquam coit...? or is perhaps, etc., Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 31 K. and H. —So esp. in Cic., in order to make the truth of an assertion more certain, by an argumentum a minore ad majus:

    cur (philosophus) pecuniam magno opere desideret vel potius curet omnino? an Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi non potuerunt?

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 89 sq.:

    An vero P. Scipio T. Gracchum privatus interfecit, Catilinam vero nos consules perferemus?

    id. Cat. 1, 1; so id. Rab. Perd. 5; id. Phil. 14, 5, 12 Muret.; id. Fin. 1, 2, 5, ubi v. Madv.—It sometimes introduces a question suggested by the words of another: He. Mane. Non dum audisti, Demea, Quod est gravissimum? De. An quid est etiam anplius? Is there then etc., Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 21:

    sed ad haec, nisi molestum est, habeo quae velim. An me, inquam, nisi te audire vellem censes haec dicturum fuisse?

    Cic. Fin. 1, 8, 28; 2, 22, 74; id. Tusc. 5, 26, 73; 5, 12, 35; id. Brut. 184; id. Fat. 2, 4; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 1, 8, 28.—It sometimes anticipates an answer to something going before: At vero si ad vitem sensus accesserit, ut appetitum quendam habeat et per se ipsa moveatur, quid facturam putas? An ea, quae per vinitorem antea consequebatur, per se ipsa curabit? shall we not say that, must we not think that etc., Cic. Fin. 5, 14, 38, ubi v. Madv.—
    E.
    An non. and in one word, annon (in direct questions more freq. than necne):

    isne est quem quaero an non?

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 12:

    Hocine agis an non?

    id. And. 1, 2, 15:

    Tibi ego dico an non?

    id. ib. 4, 4, 23:

    utrum sit an non voltis?

    Plaut. Am. prol. 56:

    utrum cetera nomina in codicem accepti et expensi digesta habes annon?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 3 al. —Also in indirect questions = necne, q. v.:

    abi, vise redieritne jam an non dum domum,

    Ter. Phorm. 3, 4, 5:

    videbo utrum clamorem opere conpleverint, an non est ita,

    Vulg. Gen. 18, 21; 24, 21.—
    F.
    An ne, usually written anne, pleon. for an.
    a.
    In direct questions:

    anne tu dicis quā ex causā vindicaveris?

    Cic. Mur. 26. —
    b.
    In indirect questions:

    nec. aequom anne iniquom imperet, cogitabit,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 19; id. Ps. 1, 1, 122:

    percontarier, Utrum aurum reddat anne eat secum simul,

    id. Bacch. 4, 1, 4:

    Nam quid ego de consulato loquar, parto vis, anue gesto?

    Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

    cum interrogetur, tria pauca sint anne multa,

    id. Ac. 2, 29:

    Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 57; so id. Or. 61, 206:

    Quid enim interest, divitias, opes, valetudinem bona dicas anne praeposita, cum etc.,

    id. Fin. 4, 9, 23 Madv.; August. ap. Suet. Aug. 69 al. (for the omission of the second disjunctive clause or the particle necne representing it, v. utrum;

    instances of this usage in eccl. Lat. are,

    Vulg. Lev. 13, 36; 14, 36; ib. Num. 11, 23 al.).—
    II.
    In disjunctive clauses that express doubt, or.
    A.
    Utrum stultitiā facere ego hunc an malitiā Dicam, scientem an imprudentem, incertus sum. Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 54:

    ut nescias, utrum res oratione an verba sententiis illustrentur,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56:

    honestumne factu sit an turpe, dubitant,

    id. Off. 1, 3, 9:

    nescio, gratulerne tibi an timeam,

    id. Fam. 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 7, 5:

    pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile discerneres,

    Sall. C. 25, 3; so id. ib. 52, 10; Suet. Aug. 19; id. Tib. 10; id. Claud. 15:

    cognoscet de doctrinā, utrum ex Deo sit an ego a me ipso loquar,

    Vulg. Joan. 7, 17; ib. Eccl. 2, 19 al.—
    B.
    An sometimes denotes uncertainty by itself, without a verb of doubting (dubito, dubium or incertum est, etc., vet in such cases the editors are divided between an and aut; cf. Mos. and Orell. ad Cic. Rep. 1, 12): verene hoc memoriae proditum est [p. 115] regem istum Numam Pythagorae ipsius discipulum, an certe Pythagoreum fuisse? Cic. Rep. 2, 15, where B. and K. read aut certe: Cn. Octavius est an Cn. Cornelius quidam tuus familiaris, summo genere natus, terrae filius;

    is etc.,

    id. Fam. 7, 9 B. and K.:

    Themistocles quidem, cum ei Simonides an quis alius artem memoriae polliceretur, Oblivionis, inquit, mallem,

    Simonides or some other person, id. Fin. 2, 32, 104; id. Fam. 7, 9, 3; id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 2, 7, 3; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—
    C.
    It often stands for sive (so esp. in and after the Aug. per.):

    quod sit an non, nihil commovet analogiam,

    whether this be so or not, Varr. L. L. 9, § 105 Müll.; Att. ap. Prisc. p. 677 P.; Ov. R. Am. 797:

    saucius an sanus, numquid tua signa reliqui,

    id. F. 4, 7:

    Illa mihi referet, si nostri mutua curast, An minor, an toto pectore deciderim,

    Tib. 3, 1, 20; Tac. A. 11, 26:

    sive nullam opem praevidebat inermis atque exul, seu taedio ambiguae spei an amore conjugis et liberorum,

    id. ib. 14, 59.—
    D.
    The first disjunctive clause is freq. to be supplied from the gen. idea or an may stand for utrum—necne (cf. supra, I. D.):

    qui scis, an, quae jubeam, sine vi faciat? (vine coactus is to be supplied),

    how knowest thou whether or not he will do it without compulsion? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 20:

    An dolo malo factum sit, ambigitur,

    Cic. Tull. 23:

    quaesivi an misisset (periplasmata),

    id. Verr. 4, 27:

    Vide an facile fieri tu potueris, cum etc.,

    id. Fragm. B. 13, 2, 1:

    praebete aurem et videte an mentiar,

    Vulg. Job, 6, 28: de L. Bruto fortasse dubitaverim an propter infinitum odium tyranni effrenatius in Aruntem invaserit, I might doubt whether or not, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 22, 50; id. Verr. 3, 76:

    Quis scit an adiciant hodiernae crastina summae Tempora di superi?

    Hor. C. 4, 7, 17; Plin. Ep. 6, 21, 3; Quint. 2, 17, 38:

    Sine videamus an veniat Elias,

    Vulg. Matt. 27, 49:

    tria sine dubio rursus spectanda sunt, an sit, quid sit, quale sit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 53:

    dubium an quaesitā morte,

    Tac. A. 1, 5; 6, 50; 4, 74:

    Multitudo an vindicatura Bessum fuerit, incertum est,

    Curt. 7, 5:

    diu Lacedaemonii, an eum summae rei praeponerent, deliberaverunt,

    Just. 6, 2, 4 et saep.—
    E.
    Since in such distrib. sentences expressive of doubt, the opinion of the speaker or the probability usually inclines to the second, i. e. to the clause beginning with an, the expressions haud scio an, nescio an, dubito an (the latter through all pers. and tenses), incline to an affirmative signification, I almost know, I am inclined to think, I almost think, I might say, I might assert that, etc., for perhaps, probably (hence the opinion is incorrect that an, in this situation, stands for an non; for by an non a negation of the objective clause is expressed, e. g. nescio an non beatus sit, I am almost of the opinion that he is not happy, v. infra, and cf. Beier ad Cic. Off. 1, Exc. XI. p. 335 sq.; Cic. uses haud scio an eleven times in his Orations;

    nescio an, four times): atque haud scio an, quae dixit sint vera omnia,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 45:

    crudele gladiatorum spectaculum et inhumanum non nullis videri solet: et haud scio an ita sit, ut nunc fit,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 41; id. Fl. 26:

    testem non mediocrem, sed haud scio an gravissimum,

    perhaps, id. Off. 3, 29:

    constantiam dico? nescio an melius patientiam possim dicere,

    id. Lig. 9; id. Fam. 9, 19:

    ingens eo die res, ac nescio an maxima illo bello gesta sit,

    Liv. 23, 16; Quint. 12, 11, 7 al.:

    si per se virtus sine fortunā ponderanda sit, dubito an Thrasybulum primum omuium ponam,

    I am not certain whether I should not prefer Thrasybulus to all others, Nep. Thras. 1 Dähne:

    dicitur acinace stricto Darius dubitāsse an fugae dedecus honestā morte vitaret,

    i. e. was almost resolved upon, Curt. 4, 5, 30:

    ego dubito an id improprium potius appellem,

    Quint. 1, 5, 46; Gell. 1, 3 al.—Hence, a neg. objective clause must contain in this connection the words non, nemo, nullus, nihil, numquam, nusquam, etc.:

    dubitet an turpe non sit,

    he is inclined to believe that it is not bad, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 50:

    haud scio an ne opus quidem sit, nihil umquam deesse amicis,

    id. Am. 14, 51:

    eloquentiā quidem nescio an habuisset parem neminem,

    id. Brut. 33: quod cum omnibus est faciendum tum haud scio an nemini potius quam tibi, to no one perhaps more, id. Off. 3, 2, 6:

    meā sententiā haud scio an nulla beatior esse possit,

    id. Sen. 16; id. Leg. 1, 21:

    non saepe atque haud scio an numquam,

    id. Or. 2, 7 al. —
    F.
    Sometimes the distributive clause beginning with an designates directly the opposite, the more improbable, the negative; in which case nescio an, haud scio an, etc., like the Engl. I know not whether, signify I think that not, I believe that not, etc.; hence, in the object. clause, aliquis, quisquam, ullus, etc., must stand instead of nemo, nullus, etc. (so for the most part only after Cic.): an profecturus sim, nescio, I know not (i. e. I doubt, I am not confident) whether I shall effect any thing, Sen. Ep. 25:

    opus nescio an superabile, magnum certe tractemus,

    id. Q. N. 3, praef. 4; Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 6: haud scio an vivere nobis liceret, I know not whether we, etc., Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22: doleo enim maximam feminam eripi oculis civitatis, nescio an aliquid simile visuris, for I know not whether they will ever see any thing of this kind, Plin. Ep. 7, 19; Val. Max. 5, 2, 9:

    nescio an ullum tempus jucundius exegerim,

    I do not know whether I have ever passed time more pleasantly, id. 3, 1:

    namque huic uni contigit, quod nescio an ulli,

    Nep. Timol. 1, 1; Sen. Contr. 3 praef.; Quint. 9, 4, 1:

    nostri quoque soloecum, soloecismum nescio an umquam dixerint,

    Gell. 5, 20 al. Cf. upon this word Hand, Turs. I. pp. 296-361, and Beier, Exc. ad Cic. Am. pp. 202-238.
    2.
    an-, v. ambi.
    3.
    - ăn. This word appears in forsan, forsitan, and fortasse an (Att. Trag. Rel. p. 151 Rib.) or fortassan, seeming to enhance the idea of uncertainty and doubt belonging to fors, etc., and is regarded by some as the Greek conditional particle an, and indeed one of these compounds, forsitan, sometimes in the Vulgate, translates an; as, Joan. 4, 10; 5, 46; 8, 19; and in 3, Joan. 9, it still represents the various reading, an.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > an

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